Англоязычные ресурсы.

Товарищи, подскажите, пожалуйста, если кто знает, англоязычные охотночьи ресурсы.

А что интересует?

А что интересует?

Никто не знает ? Здесь же вроде и люди из англоговорящих стран есть...

есть такой, но могу говорить по русски 😊

что именно Вас интересует?

с уважением yukon from Canada ( English)

Интересует материал по истории охоты, культуре и т.д

History of Hunting

Understanding the history of hunting and its history in North America provides insight into the development of hunting as we know it today. It also provides support for the notion that hunters have always had an appreciation for the animals they hunt, as well as a vested interest in the welfare of wildlife.

Early Humans as Hunter-gatherers

Early humans hunted because their survival depended upon success as a hunter. Some anthropologists even hypothesize that language developed because of its importance to early human hunters. Skill and success as a hunter often determined whether families and clans would have animal foods. Skins were used for both clothing and shelter as well as for other purposes. Bones, antlers and teeth were used for tools. Animal parts were used as decoration or symbols of authority and status. In some situations early man for protection from predators used hunting skills.

Development of Early Hunting Techniques

No one knows for sure how hunting got started among early humans. Behavioral biologists know that male chimpanzees hunt small antelopes and monkeys during some seasons. Anthropologists theorize that hunting of larger animals began with groups of humans driving large predators from their kills - a risky venture at best. Clearly, humans gathered easily captured food items, like insects, small reptiles and nestling birds. Simple tools, like twigs, small sticks, or even thorns or pieces of cordage were used to capture prey or force the prey from hiding places.

Humans are social animals, and early humans seem to have lived in clans or extended family groups. These groups demonstrated divisions of labor with some members foraging for easily captured animal foods and plant foods, while others hunted for larger prey. Readily available tools like sticks and stones were used in many cases. Even the terrain was used as a means of capturing and killing prey animals. Cliffs, water or natural corrals were used to gain advantage over animals that could be killed with relatively primitive tools. Using fire hardened poles to make jabbing or throwing spears likely developed fairly quickly, as did the use of flaked stone, like flint, chert and obsidian to make spear points and blades for stone axes. All of these tools required the hunter to be very close to the prey animal. Learning to throw spears and stones accurately was vital to taking larger and more dangerous game animals.

While brandishing, striking or throwing tools might have been adequate protection under some circumstances or for driving predators off their kills, these tools were extremely inefficient as hunting tools. Stone axes, stone-tipped or fire-sharpened spears gave some advantage, but propelling devices for higher velocity and greater range were clearly advances. One of the first of these advances was the atlatl or spear throwing stick. This allowed a relatively light spear or javelin to be thrown with much greater force and from a much greater distance than did throwing with the hands alone. A similar progression took place with leather or cordage slings used to throw stones with much greater force. A few societies developed different tools used either with or without the aid of poisons. Blowguns permitted the use of very small darts to take game animals at modest ranges.

The ultimate long range, high velocity hunting arm for early humans was the bow. Many styles and sizes of bows developed with great variation in the materials used. Arrows were similarly diverse. Some societies laminated their bows with sinew, horn, whalebone, or other materials to increase their cast. Bows changed in length, design, and cast over time; but they lasted for many centuries as the premier hunting tool. Arrows changed in many characteristics, primarily in the types of points and fletching; but they remained functionally the same from prehistory to the 1400s.

Continued evolution of hunting tools resulted in the development of the crossbow with its heavier and shorter quarrels or bolts. Matchlock, wheel lock and flintlock firearms followed these rather quickly. Flintlocks remained the dominant type of hunting tool for a couple of centuries before being replaced by the caplock, which led rather quickly to the development of modern firearms. The time between innovations became progressively shorter and continuing changes in earlier technologies is still taking place as hunters try their skills at more challenging types of hunting tools today.

While the game hunted early in human prehistory was mostly relatively small or disadvantaged by terrain or conditions, humans may have used their developing hunting skills to make serious impacts of some of the Pleistocene megafauna, hunting ground sloths, mastodons, mammoths and other large game. Their use of natural land features and fire was also effective in harvesting large animals, often in extremely large numbers. Like most predators, however, humans took many smaller animals and used them for their survival.

Hunting skills developed in parallel with hunting tools. American Indians, for example, used many of today's hunting skills in their hunting. They were excellent stalkers and trackers, and they were adept at the use of camouflage, decoying and the use of calls. A wide variety of traps, including snares and deadfalls, were used to increase hunting efficiency.

Hunting in North America

Hunting was crucial to the survival of early European settlers in North America. Game served as a primary food supply. Game animals provided clothing, as well as some types of shelter and other necessities. Many settlers mimicked the uses of wildlife they learned from the Indians. Europeans hunted large predators or other animals that were a threat to their livestock or crops. The fur trade was also a significant source of income.

The first North American fame law was written in New Amsterdam. It established the right of all people to hunt for their survival needs. Within a few generations, habitat changes and continued subsistence hunting resulted in the depletion of game in the vicinity of towns, villages and settlements. Some pioneers moved westward to find richer hunting grounds. Residents of several colonies or states enacted closed seasons or other restrictions on some species to ensure their continued availability.

As the states became populated, market hunting developed into both a major business and a respected profession. With the development of the country, needs for specialized skills developed in the society. Shopkeepers, blacksmiths, doctors, wagon makers, and other craftsmen concentrated on their trades. While they may have enjoyed hunting as a personal activity, they could not afford to hunt for subsistence. One of the developing trades became market hunting. Market hunters provided a supply of wild game meat to the growing towns. These professional hunters specialized in their trade as well, making a living by hunting, trapping or otherwise providing meat.

Skilled specialists, market hunters were not restricted by bag limits or seasons in most states. As a result, their unrestricted harvests were able to deplete game populations significantly. Those impacts were enhanced by habitat loss. One state that was nearly completely forested in colonial times had only 16 percent of its forests by 1850. With the loss of that forested habitat came the loss of most forest and forest edge wildlife.

Although today we know that market hunting led to over-exploitation of many species, market hunters provided a necessary service. Immense game herds and flocks seemed limitless, but as demand for meat and market hunting efficiency increased, populations began to suffer. Obvious declines or even extirpations of deer, bison, antelope and elk took place. Waterfowl and upland birds, including the passenger pigeon, declined under continuous demand for game meat by the growing American population.

As these losses became obvious to sport hunters (non-commercial hunters), they developed a concern for the future of wildlife and began to work for change and improvement. As the end of the 19th century approached, sportsmen conservationists who recognized something was wrong began to call for controls on the harvest of game. They demanded that action be taken to conserve wildlife populations. In 1888, a group of sport hunters started the Boone and Crockett Club, which led a crusade to protect the nation's troubled game herds. Their actions led to the development of national parks and wildlife refuges as well as regulation of harvest. By 1900, twenty-three states enacted laws that limited harvest.

Their efforts started a trend of caring for wildlife that continued into the 20th century as more game protection programs were implemented. In 1900, the Lacey Act prohibited interstate shipment of illegally killed wildlife. This provided some federal help under the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution to control market hunting. A forester at the University of Wisconsin, Aldo Leopold, wrote the first wildlife management text in North America in 1933 and helped formalize the emerging art and science of wildlife management. The Duck Stamp Act of 1934, lobbied for by waterfowlers, provided funds from federal stamps to aid in waterfowl management and to permit purchase of lands for federal waterfowl refuges. Sportsmen lobbied for an additional excise tax on sporting arms and ammunition to provide aid to states for resident wildlife management. In 1937, the Pittman-Robertson Act was passed taxing long guns and ammunition for this dedicated purpose. This legislation has perhaps had the greatest impact on wildlife research and management of any legislation ever passed.

Sport hunters and other conservationists continued to build organizations to address their concerns, significantly expanding conservation, restoration and enhancement efforts by state and federal agencies. Numerous private organizations developed on the heels of the Boone and Crockett Club. The National Wildlife Federation emerged with affiliates in each state. Dedicated organizations like Ducks Unlimited, Quail Unlimited, the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation, Game Conservation International, the Pope and Young Club, the National Wild Turkey Federation, Pheasants Forever, Whitetails Unlimited, the Ruffed Grouse Society, Safari Club International, Foundation for North American Wild Sheep, Professional Bowhunters Society, International Bowhunter Education Foundation, National Rifle Association, National Field Archery Association, the Izaak Walton League and many others associated with gun dogs, hunting, outdoor sports, and conservation developed. Each of them contributed and continues to contribute to promotion of sport hunting, high ethical standards, research and conservation of wildlife, often beyond the limits of species in their names. Professional associations like the Wildlife Society and the Hunter Education Association, as well as others related to wildlife and conservation developed. Primarily supported through license and fees, these agencies are responsible for all wildlife and wildlife habitat kept in trust for the citizens of the states and the nation.

Economic Impacts of Hunting

Hunters provide the primary support for all wildlife management, game, and non-game. License fees alone bring in approximately $500 million each year. In addition, excise taxes on hunting arms and ammunition provide nearly $200 million annually with sportsman support. Direct economic impacts of hunting in the United States alone exceed $14 billion annually. Indirect impacts have been estimated conservatively at in excess of $40 billion annually. That amounts to approximately $1.6 million per hour or about $890 per hunter. One job outside the state and federal agencies is produced for about every 50 hunters nationally. Sport hunting has become a bigger business, in terms of its economic impacts in our country, than many blue chip corporations.

Recreational Impacts

Although hunting is a huge economic factor, that is not its primary benefit. Hunting is a recreational activity. Its participants spend approximately 200 million person-days each year hunting. Many of them expand that time afield by training dogs, shooting, spending time afield observing or photographing wildlife, or scouting their favorite hunting areas for seasonal prospects. Although hunting involves the potential killing of wildlife, its participants are lovers of natural settings and the wildlife that good country provides. In his philosophical discussion of hunting, Ortega said, 'I do not hunt in order to kill, I kill in order to have hunted.' Most hunters recognize the truth in that statement. Most non-hunters cannot understand what it means. Many people regard hunting as a critical part of their well being. It relieves stresses, renews their spirits, and reunites them with natural things and their role in the universe. Leopold spoke to the value of hunting in personal well being when he said, 'I always feel better in October.' Although many things can be used by others to fill the need for hunting in their lives, most hunters find that nothing is truly substitutable for hunting itself. Along the way, these sportsmen-conservationists provide habitat and access for others who would like to observe nature of spend time afield in other pursuits.

Sport Hunting in Perspective

Hunting in North America has grown from a subsistence activity or a commercial activity to being a recreational activity that cannot be replaced for its dedicated participants. Along the way, it provides habitat for all kinds of wildlife, generates the economic power to manage and sustain wild lands and wildlife for all people to enjoy, provides a sense of independence and oneness with natural order for its participants, and provides a renewal of the human role as a predator with the addition of constraints and traditions that reinforce the notion of fair chase and sportsmanship. As Leopold said, hunting provides a link to nature, a link to history, and an opportunity for ethical development without presence of an audience or a referee.

Sport hunting is not a sport like football, soccer or badminton where opponents do mock battle on a defined field. It shares some characteristics with those sports. There are well-defined rules and codes of conduct. The primary purpose is recreational rather than commercial or subsistence. The origins of 'sport hunting' lay in differentiating it from commercial or market hunting. Sport hunting is primarily for personal satisfactions and uses. This does not mean that sport hunters kill merely to make dead. Byron Dalrymple noted that there were three reasons that permitted a hunter to kill an animal: 1) the animal posed a threat or was causing damage to persons, livestock or crops; 2) the animal was to be used; and 3) the animal presented a great challenge to the hunter. Even in the latter case, most game species are edible and used for food by hunters and others.

There are many motivations and satisfactions for hunting. Their order, but not their substance, changes with the development of the hunter and his/her skills. Most of them are personal. They range from enjoying wild game as food and having the satisfaction of personally providing that food for a family to striving to locate outstanding specimens of mature game animals as trophies beyond the flesh. Regardless of these motivations and satisfactions, recreation is the primary reason for sport hunting. Rebuilding spirits and relationships with nature and other valued people is a major element. Modern hunting is vital to survival and happiness of many of its practitioners. It is also vital to the survival of wildlife and the habitats that sustain wild things.

(http://www.gunmuse.com)

надеюсь, это то , что Вы искали. если Вас интересует опыт настоящих охотников Дикого Запада, то не стесняйтесь, спрашивайте 😊

с уважением yukon

Ты, эта... Миша... У нас ресурс русскоязычный, поэтому обширные посты на инглише не приветствуются. Я уже предупреждал об этом Caucassian64 - он тоже любитель давать обширные ссылки на инглише. Давай ссылки. Хотя мне странно вообще слышать вопрос, которым открывается тема. Если владеешь английским, то источников на нём в Сети об охоте - просто море. Выбрать при этом нечто конкретное и подходящее вам - вот это - задача... При этом столь неконкретно поставленная задача свидетельствует или о полном дилетантизме, или, прошу прощения,Михаил РнД - о лености ума. Любой правильно поставленный вопрос заключает в себе минимум половину ответа.

Хотя тот факт, что Миша отвечает, не может не радовать - отошел...

yukon

kiowa